Internal Combustion Engine

There are various internal combustion engines in existence. These engines are usually categorized according to their physical layout (inline/ straight, flat/ boxer, V, and W), the number of cylinders they contain (single, twin/ two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen), and the type of fuel they use (petrol/ gasoline, gas, and diesel).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So for example, one may come across a ‘V12 petrol engine’ or a ‘four cylinder diesel engine. As can be seen from the two examples aforementioned, all the defining aspects/ attributes of the engines have been captured in their names. Due to the different characteristics (e.g., weight, size, number of cylinders) and working principles (e.g. magneto, coil, number of strokes per cycle, fuel injection or carburetor systems) of internal combustion engines, the different engine types are used for a varied number of applications. The following is a small summery of the five most common engine types according to the type of fuel that they use. Gasoline Engines They are also referred to as petrol engines, and as the name suggests, run on petrol. They are commonly used to propel small and medium sized motor vehicles, motorcycles, aircraft, motorboats, lawn mowers, portable electricity generators, and chainsaws. These engines have several advantages which include: -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as diesel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buyAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale value -heavier petrol engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtakin g maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. b) Gas Engine (Spark Ignition) The term ‘spark ignition’ refers to the use of electric sparks to ignite/ cause fuel to combust. These sparks are developed when a high voltage current is forced to ‘jump’ across a small gap. The phrase ‘Gas Engine’ however, is an ambiguous term which could imply/ refer to an internal combustion engine which runs on either petrol, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, bio-ethanol, methanol, ethanol, or nitro-methane. The advantages and disadvantages of these engines vary slightly from one fuel type to the other, but some common similarities do exist, i.e.:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as dies el engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buy The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale valueAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More -heavier spark ignition engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. c) Oil Burning Diesel Engines These are basically just normal diesel engines that can be found on an ordinary vehicle. However, instead of running them purely on diesel, the owners of such engines usually add a small amount of used engine oil to the fuel (diesel). This process is commonly done to ships, big/ heavy duty trucks, and tractors. Such engines have various advantages like: -they help in reducing wastage by recycling used engine oil -they are cheaper to run as they use oil which most people have no use for and thus attach no value to them. -they are more flexible as they can run on either diesel or petrol, or even a blend of the two. The disadvantages are that: -they produce a lot of smoke which contributes to environmental pollution -they require special care due to the possibility of damage which might be caused by metal particles in t he recycled oil. d) Gas Diesel Engines The idea of such an engine was necessitated by the need for a fuel efficient engine with minimal resulting harmful emissions. This led scientists to develop an internal combustion engine that incorporated the highly fuel efficient technologies found in diesel engines but ran on the more environmentally friendly petrol. The result is a ‘gas-powered diesel engine’ that is about twice as economical as a petrol engine and cleaner than a diesel engine (Nguyen, 2011). This engine is not commonly used commercially as the technology behind it is still in the research and development phase. The advantages of these engines are that; -it is almost twice as economical as a petrol engine -it has much few carbon emissions than a diesel engine. The disadvantage is that: -it is about twenty five percent less powerful than a regular gas/ petrol or diesel engine at full throttle. e) Dual-fuel diesel Engines, Dual-fuel is a device/ gadget that have b een developed by ‘Clean Air Power’ to work with the standard original equipment manufacturers of standard diesel engines. Dual-fuel works by injecting a mixture of natural gas and air into the combustion chamber of the diesel engine. This mixture cannot ignite spontaneously like diesel under compression by the cylinder; therefore, a small charge (about 10 percent of the total energy of the fuel) of diesel is injected to the main mixture of gas and air to act like a multitude of microscopic spark-plugs that ignites the mixture (Richard, 2010). This technology has been confirmed to work on DAF’s and Mercedes’ heavy duty diesel truck engines. Advantages of these engines are: -they have fewer carbon emissions than standard diesel engines -they can run entirely on diesel alone -they can run on gas -they are more efficient than diesel engines Despite all the differences in working principles of the above mentioned engine types, they all share a significant numbe r of key elements and components. The most obvious element shared by internal combustion engines is the aspect of compression and ignition of a fuel charge. Although the processes involved may vary for different engine configurations (e.g. in a four stroke engine this process occurs over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft, where you have the ‘intake stroke’, followed by the ‘compression stroke’, next is the ‘power stroke’, and finally you have the ‘exhaust stroke’, with each engine stroke taking place over a 180 degree revolution of the crank shaft. In contrast to this, in a two stroke engine this process occurs over a 360 degree rotation of the crankshaft, owing to the lack of dedicated ‘intake’ and ‘exhaust strokes’.), these two elements exist over all engine configurations and fuel types. The most important parts of internal combustion engines (all engines) are the crankcase/ engine block, the pi stons, connecting rods, cylinders, and crankshaft. The crankcase is usually cast or drilled from a light-metal material (usually iron pr aluminum) in order to keep the overall weight of the engine down hence increasing its efficiency. The crankcase, in addition to housing and protecting the crank shaft and connecting rods, also serves as an oil container and a rigid structure for connecting the transmission to the engine (John, 2004). A piston is a part of the engine that moves in a reciprocating manner inside the cylinder/ combustion chamber. It is responsible for the transfer of power produced by the exploding gases in the combustion chamber, to the crankshaft through a connecting rod that is usually attached to it. It also acts as an intake and exhaust valve in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. Earlier pistons were made from cast iron, but the need for lighter engine components resulted to the adoption of cast aluminum alloys (Nazrul, 2013). The cylinder is the top hollow part of the engine block. It is mostly cast from aluminum and iron to minimize on weight. The cylinder in an internal combustion engine acts as a housing for the piston. It also guides the movement of the piston during the various engine strokes, and it is where the combustion of fuel charges takes place. The other component is the crankshaft. It spins in a circular motion in correspondence to the connecting rods’ movements. They also normally act as the output shaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, and either be connected to a gearbox/ transmission or be bolted on directly to whatever device that needs to be driven. Crankshafts are usually either forged or cast from iron and steel (McFarland, 2009). With the information that has been highlighted in the foregoing documentation, it suffices to explain how internal combustion engines work. First off is the ‘four-stroke petrol engine. When the piston (the yellow part of the image) moves downwards, a vacuum i s created inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens (the blue part of the image), and a charge of petrol mixed with air is injected into the cylinder. This is called the ‘intake-stroke’. After reaching the Bottom Dead Center (BDC), the intake valve closes and the piston starts to ascend, thereby compressing the air-fuel mixture in the process. This is the ‘compression stroke’. At Top Dead Center (TDC), a spark is introduced by the spark-plug and the fuel charge is ignited. This results to expansion of gases inside the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston downwards. This is represents the ‘power stroke’. The piston then begins to ascend, aping the compression stroke. The exhaust valves (the red part of the diagram) open during this stroke to allow the expulsion of burnt gases from the cylinder. This is called the ‘exhaust stroke’. These engine strokes occur over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft (the purple part). A four-s troke diesel engine works in the same manner, the only difference being that during the intake stroke, only air is injected into the cylinder. The air heats-up during the compression stroke, and at TDC diesel is injected into the cylinder and spontaneously combusts when it comes into contact with the hot air. This is the reason why diesel engines do not have spark-plugs. For a two-stroke petrol engine, the previously mentioned processes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaustion are accomplished with only two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the intake stroke (which is also the power stroke), a vacuum is created inside the cylinder and this forces a mixture of petrol and air to rush in to occupy the empty cylinder as shown by the arrow on the above diagram. The mixture is compressed during the compression stroke (which also serves as the exhaust stroke). At TDC, a spark is introduced and the charge is ignited. The two-stroke diesel engine works in a similar manner, the di fference being that only air is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke, and that instead of a spark being introduced at TDC, diesel is injected into the cylinder leading to spontaneous combustion of the fuel charge. A fundamental component of the internal combustion engine is the fueling/ fuel system. For a diesel engine, it comprises of a fuel tank, injection pump, and injection nozzles. The injection pump is responsible for delivering highly pressurized fuel to the injection nozzles, which atomize the fuel before injecting it into the combustion chamber. The basic fueling system of a petrol engine employs the use of a carburetor like the one shown below. Air rushes in through the air intake manifold creating a region of low pressure when the throttle is opened. The pressure difference forces a fine jet of atomized petrol to flow from the float chamber, and mix with the incoming air. This mixture then flows into the cylinder where it is ignited by a spark to produce power. The spark is produced by the ignition system which usually consists of a source of electric current (either a battery or a magneto), a condenser, and a spark plug as shown below. The coil draws and amplifies current and the passes it to the condenser which further amplifies it to about 25000 volts before it is sent to the spark plug. References John, K. (2004, ). FPO IP Research Communities.  Crankcase for an internal combustion engine – DaimlerChrysler AG. Web. McFarland, J. (2009, February). Crankshaft Tech – Let’s Torque About Crankshafts.  CIRCLE TRACK. Web. Nazrul, I. (2013, ). Academia.edu – Share research.  Design and construction of a piston for four stroke single cylinder S.I. engine by die-casting | AKM Nazrul Islam -Academia.edu. Web. Nguyen, T. (2011, 23). SmartPlanet – Innovative Ideas That Impact Your World.  Gas powered diesel engine may double fuel efficiency | SmartPlanet. Web. Richard, H. (2010,). Clean Air Power dual fuel technology natural gas components.  DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY. Web. This report on Internal Combustion Engine was written and submitted by user Morgan V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How important are volunteers to events The WritePass Journal

How important are volunteers to events Introduction How important are volunteers to events IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction The purpose of the following paper is to explain how important volunteering for events is; it is inevitable to say events will not succeed without the input of volunteers.   The paper will discuss whether volunteering is a method of reducing costs for the event itself or in general for an organisation. There are numerous concerns in relation to volunteers and the implications in which may occur when participants are made to work long hours with no pay. However this is done from their own free will so this is a complicated issue as volunteers have their own means of motivation. The paper will then focus on explaining the implications of volunteering for Organisers. A definition of a volunteer can be â€Å"someone who willingly gives unpaid help in the form of time, service, or skills, through a club organisation or an association† (Australian Burea of statistics, 2003, p.2). There are numerous reasons as to why volunteering is regarded as a fundamental aspect in an event, many of the sporting events such as the common wealth games , tennis tournaments, the world cup and etc use volunteers (Green and Chalip,1998). Volunteers make up a large amount of the workforce for an event; Stirgas and Jackson (2003) suggest that without the help of volunteers a sporting event will not succeed. Cnaan and Goldberg Glen (1991) share the same views and state that with the help of volunteers, managers are able to develop the magnitude and diversity of the services required without having to spend in terms of finance, this will be discussed further in the paper. When sporting events are held each year, Organisers have a growing concern about recruiting volunteers, this in itself goes to show how important volunteers are to the success of an event. It is considered that volunteers are seen as an integral part of an event, this is not just whilst the event is taking place but also before the event has taken place as without the aid of volunteers it is possible that the event would not take place at all It is apparent to advocate that the role of volunteers in events are important, volunteers aid to the planning of events and also to the organisational aspect of any event, furthermore they also benefit to the marketing and production element of an event (Hall, 1992). Such work carried out by volunteers of an event is imperative in relation to the financial shortfall in which many event organisations struggle to deal with. Yet on the other hand the resources which organisations have to offer appeal to volunteers which is regarded as a means of motivation for volunteers, other methods of motivations can be that, volunteering is seen as a leisure activity as it is associated with similar incentives which leisure activities also have, for example they are both fundamentally motivating, whilst also having constructive advantages such as; positive physical and mental feasibility, a sense of organization, gaining a feeling of purpose and also part taking   in social   participation (Sh motkin, Blumestein and Modan, 2003). Katz (1960) shares the same views and explains that volunteers are recruited in accordance with their psychological gain, he believes that volunteers have some sort of gain for working in events, it could be for experience, self fulfilment or any of the reasons previously mentioned. However it is not enough /.. There has been various debates in relation to whether having volunteers in an event is due to recruitment issues, yet the aspect which is so appealing to organisatiopns is that they are able to have a workforce without having to pay them, thus many mangers in organisations are incredibly reluctant to incorporate human resource concepts to their volunteers as they have such a minimal workforce they are so eager to get them to start work and hesitant to send them away if they are unable to meet human resource requirements, for example if they are not skilled enough to enable them to carry out the job in hand, this is why the organisations are not carrying out the right requirements before taking on volunteers (Hartenian, 2007). On the other hand volunteers can be classified as consumers and volunteers are regarded as a consumer who would like to take on a challenge in terms of marketing. Managers in this instance search for enabling the needs of consumers to be met, thereby doing all they can to receive the benefits which volunteering brings about, they do this through their product, i.e the event itself and label this as ‘ the volunteering experience’   (Riecken et al., 1994). Conversely Yavas (1997) argues that it is a necessity to view volunteers in this manner due to excessive pressures and rivalry caused in the voluntary sector, thus this has resulted in managerial organizations to endure survival techniques in the form of using marketing management tools on the application of consumer behaviour concepts. Therefore there becomes an implication in terms of volunteer attraction, drawn from a marketers view point and the perspective of consumer behaviour patterns (Wymer et al., 2002). Events such as mega sporting events generate a worldwide interest, however this also causes a problem in terms of opportunities and the fact that certain issues about volunteering in some instances can be disregarded. What is meant by this is the fact that when volunteers in an event take part in unpaid labour many organisastions initially think this is a advantage for them as this is a means of reducing costs, they do not consider the other benifits in terms of cultural interaction or postitive association with host communities, yet the first thing that springs to mind would be that they are reducing costs (Getz 1997). Getz (1997) also discusses other issues relating to volunteering such as; costs and viability, economic restoration etc. Ingerness (2001) also shares alike thoughts on this matter and explains that volunteers in general whether they are volunteers for a mega sporting event or for a local art events, are regarded as an important economic and cultural factor to the production and performance of an event. Green and Chalip (2004) add to this view and state that volunteers are cruial for an event and having volunteers working in an event, is in a way a method of reducing costs as their services and their labour which contributes towards the event is not paid for, whichever way you look at this matter it can be regarded as a means of reducing costs. The Sydney Olympic games (2000) explained that volunteer labour is vital for the running and financial operation of an event. The Sydney Olympic games needed over 40,000 volunteers for the event (SOCOG, 2000). They also sated that although this was a sporting event on a huge scale, smaller events also require large numbers of volunteers.   Yet research indicates that without the aid of volunteers an event is more than likely to fail, yet there are various implications which are related to volunteers in events for organisers. Pearce (1993) stated that there are a number of problems with the performance of volunteers, e.g. organisers do not ensure that their volunteers work to a high standard. Howden (2003) also explains that 25% of volunteers fail to turn up for ther shifts, which then causes operational problems for the organisers. Yet on the other hand there have been many cases where the event organisers over recruit volunteers as they view organisers as a source of unpaid labour where they don not understand the factors which influences their reason for motivation, by doing this organisers would gain a better understanding as to why volunteers are willing to give up their time for the event. Another problem with organisers over recruiting is an increase number of volunteers results in an increase in costs for selection, placement, training, transport, meals, etc (Howden, 2003). Conclusion An additional implication in hiring volunteers for events is the issues it causes for the volunteers themselves, for example large events are usually staged over a short period of time, sometimes in a number of days, such events have deadlines which must be stuck to thus adding immense pressure on volunteers and making them work in a manner which is highly courteous and example of this is in The Sydney Olympic Games volunteers were made to carry out a minimum of 10 shifts which were each 8 hours long over 16 days (Sydney Olympics 2000).

Emotions Revealed. Nonverbal Communication Essay

Emotions Revealed. Nonverbal Communication - Essay Example The instance is because the expressions convey information of what an individual is thinking and the next immediate at that is most probable to happen. The emotions tend to express different aspects of information. Typically, there are different types of information that are the same to all humans no matter the background of originality. Some of the general emotions convey happiness, anger, loathing, fear, sadness and surprise. The information in turn implies certain facts that may result. For instance, in the case if anger a person is most likely to fight since the feeling moves the blood to the hands. On the contrary, a person whose emotions express fear is most liable to run since his or her body streams blood to the legs (Lei, 2013). There cannot be an emotion without facial expressions. The instance is because the two events tend to be natural and mostly the person with the passion might not have control over the same. The most probable scenario is that the facial expressions are too minute to notice under normal circumstances. The clip puts forward that a person can see less than a hundred expressions whereas there may be over a thousand feelings that are probably of happening. The instance thus requires training to see all the expressions that are useful in the treatment, as well as the acts of investigations. Individuals differ in their facial expressions depending on the area that the phrase originates on the face. The instance also may be different since some expressions may be voluntary while other expressions may be out of control. The different emotions also create the diversity in the facial expression that may occur. In addition, different people tend to have different responses to various scenarios that may establish a difference in the phrase that results. The seven categories express different expressions as per the emotions. Anger tends to involve the pulling down of the eyebrows whereby the lips may tighten. Fear